Transference : it
is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes
transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named
"transcription."
e.g :
diet-diet
transfer-transfer
Naturalization : it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the
normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)
e.g :
complex-kompleks
procedure-
prosedur
procedural- procedural
morphology-
morfologi
Cultural
equivalent : it means replacing a cultural word in
the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)
e.g :
thanks giving- perayaan syukuran
baby shower- “tilik bayi”, menjenguk bayi
Functional equivalent : it
requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
e.g : *april fools- april mop
*this is snake’s house- ini adalah sarang
ular
*“Ouch!”-
“Aduh!”
Descriptive
equivalent : in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is
explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
e.g : *cottage- rumah kecil biasanya di
pedesaan
*oak tree- sejenis pohon besar yang biasanya tumbuh di negara bagian utara
Componential
analysis : it means "comparing an SL word with a TL
word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent,
by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense
components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
e.g : *Don’t cry over a spoiled milk- nasi sudah
menjadi bubur
*beat about the bush- bertele tele
*pay homage-
penghormatan terakhir
*my sweetie pumpkin- sayangku, manisku
Synonymy :
it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
e.g :
trousers- celana panjang
sweater- baju hangat
city dump-
tempat pembuangan sampah
Through-translation :
it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation.
(Newmark, 1988b:84)
e.g :
public school- sekolah negeri
private school- sekolah swasta
Shifts
or transpositions : it involves a change in the grammar from SL
to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change
required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of
an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.
(Newmark, 1988b:86)
e.g : that cars- mobil itu
I
need three apples- saya butuh tiga buah apel
“How
are you going?”- Apa kabar?
Have a
nice day!- Semoga harimu menyenangkan!
Modulation :
it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in
the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and
the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)
e.g :
he was killed in the war- dia gugur
dalam peperangan
the baby was
born premature- bayi itu lahir prematur
Recognized
translation : it occurs when the translator "normally
uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional
term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
e.g : House of Representative- MPR/ DPR
UNO- PBB
Compensation : it
occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)
e.g ; *never will I let the tears drop - tak
akan pernah kubiarkan air matamu terjatuh
*“it is not I used to be”
– “ ini bukan aku yang dulu”
Paraphrase :
in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
e.g :
*thanks giving- perayaan sebagai wujud
rasa terimakasih, biasanya dilakukan pada kamis terakhir di bulan November di negara
Amerika.
*Halloween- malam
pada tanggal 31 oktober dimana anak anak memakai kostum seram dan mengunjungi
rumah rumah untuk mengumpulkan permen serta bermain trick or treat (memberikan permen atau dijahili)
Couplets :
it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
e.g :
*it needs some getting used to- ini
butuh kesabaran
*both of them
are war like – keduanya suka bertengkar (through translation+ componential analysis)
*inconsidered
people- orang yang tak punya tenggang rasa (transposition+ through translation+
componential analysis)
Notes : notes are
additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
e.g : *She slept in the grange1
1grange= rumah luas di pedesaan dengan lahan
pertanian disebelahnya
* Kimy loves mozzarella2
cheese
2mozzarella= keju
Italia putih yang lembut
