TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND THE EXAMPLES

Transference     : it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration         and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

e.g                       : diet-diet

                              transfer-transfer

Naturalization   : it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal                     morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

e.g                       : complex-kompleks

                               procedure- prosedur

                               procedural- procedural

                               morphology- morfologi   

                        

Cultural equivalent  : it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they       are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

e.g                               : thanks giving- perayaan syukuran

                                      baby shower- “tilik bayi”, menjenguk bayi

Functional equivalent : it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

e.g                                  : *april fools- april mop

                                        *this is snake’s house- ini adalah sarang ular

                                        *“Ouch!”- “Aduh!”

Descriptive equivalent : in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words.             (Newmark, 1988b:83)

e.g                                   : *cottage- rumah kecil biasanya di pedesaan

                                          *oak tree- sejenis pohon besar yang biasanya tumbuh di negara bagian         utara

Componential analysis : it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar                 meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating             first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark,       1988b:114)

e.g                                   : *Don’t cry over a spoiled milk- nasi sudah menjadi bubur

                                          *beat about the bush- bertele tele

                                          *pay homage- penghormatan terakhir

                                          *my sweetie pumpkin- sayangku, manisku

Synonymy           : it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark,                      1988b:84)

e.g                          : trousers- celana panjang

                                 sweater- baju hangat

                                 city dump- tempat pembuangan sampah 

            

Through-translation       : it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations         and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan                   translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

e.g                                     : public school- sekolah negeri

                                             private school- sekolah swasta

                                            

Shifts or transpositions : it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i)                    change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL        structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word,        change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark,                    1988b:86)

e.g                                    :  that cars- mobil itu

                                             I need three apples- saya butuh tiga buah apel

                                             “How are you going?”- Apa kabar?

                                             Have a nice day!- Semoga harimu menyenangkan!

Modulation        : it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL         text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may         appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

e.g                       : he was killed in the war- dia gugur dalam peperangan

                              the baby was born premature- bayi itu lahir prematur

Recognized translation : it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally             accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

e.g                                    : House of Representative- MPR/ DPR

                                           UNO- PBB

Compensation  : it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another        part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

e.g                          ; *never will I let the tears drop - tak akan pernah kubiarkan air matamu                  terjatuh

                               *“it is not I used to be” – “ ini bukan aku yang dulu”

Paraphrase         : in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is              much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

e.g                          : *thanks giving- perayaan sebagai wujud rasa terimakasih, biasanya                         dilakukan pada    kamis terakhir di bulan November di negara Amerika.

                              *Halloween- malam pada tanggal 31 oktober dimana anak anak memakai               kostum seram dan mengunjungi rumah rumah untuk mengumpulkan                   permen serta bermain trick or treat (memberikan permen atau dijahili)

   

Couplets              : it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark,                1988b:91)

e.g                          : *it needs some getting used to- ini butuh kesabaran

                               *both of them are war like – keduanya suka bertengkar  (through                              translation+  componential analysis)

                               *inconsidered people- orang yang tak punya tenggang rasa (transposition+              through translation+ componential analysis)

Notes                    : notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

e.g                          : *She slept in the grange¹

                                              ¹grange= rumah luas di pedesaan dengan lahan pertanian disebelahnya

                                 * Kimy loves mozzarella² cheese

                                  ²mozzarella= keju Italia putih yang lembut